Postpositions

postposition

Defining the category

  • monomorphemic vs bipartite (vs 'stacked')

Inflectional morphology

Postpositions take the same inflectional prefixes as nouns (Suffixes for possessed and non-possessed nouns), in addition to a third person prefix të-:

Person marking prefixes on postpositions

_C _V
3 t- të- / i-
NP ∅ y-
  1. tawara wïrë tase tëpana
    tawara
    tawara
    too
    adv
    wïrë
    wïrë
    1PRO
    pn
    tase
    ta-se
    say-PST
    vt
    tëpana
    të-pana
    3-DAT
    postp
    So I told her. / así yo le conté a ella
  1. takërë ana wejsapë ïmparëjra
    takërë
    t-akërë
    3-with
    postp
    ana
    ana
    1+3PRO
    pn
    wejsapë
    wej-sapë
    COP-PST
    vi
    ïmparëjra
    ïmparë=jra
    already=NEG
    adv=part
    We were with him for a long time. / estuvimos mucho tiempo con él (histanfo: 48)
  1. tëjrama sejkë upëkëpene wïrë tëri
    tëjrama
    të-jrama
    go-PROH
    vi
    sejkë
    sejkë
    ***
    vi
    upëkëpene
    u=pëkëpene
    1=alone
    pn=postp
    wïrë
    wïrë
    1PRO
    pn
    tëri
    të-ri
    go-IPFV
    vi
    Don't go, I will go alone. / no vayan a ir, voy a ir sola
  1. wïrë tëtojpe mëyakërë
    wïrë
    wïrë
    1PRO
    pn
    tëtojpe
    të-tojpe
    go-FUT
    vi
    mëyakërë
    më=y-akërë
    2=LK-with
    pn=postp

Derivational morphology

The postpositional phrase

TBD

  • particles can intervene

Locative Postpositions

  • clear bipartite Ground+Path
  • unproductive Bipartite X+Path?
  • other forms

Locative postpositions

all loc
inside yaka yawë
aquatic ? ?

to do: gather all postpositions, organize

  • further postpositions:
    • poye 'above'
    • po 'locative'
    • yatë 'locative'
    • yapo 'negation'?
  1. tichikimuru, peti warë patakasapë Yakucho pana
    tichikimuru
    t-ichikimu-ru
    3-knee-PERT
    n
    peti
    peti
    ?
     
    warë
    wa=rë
    thus=EMP
    part=part
    patakasapë
    pata-ka-sapë
    village-VBZ.TR-PFV
    vt
    yakucho
    yakucho
    P._A.
    n
    pana
    pana
    DAT
    postp
    His knee, his leg went out towards Ayacucho. / su rodilla, su pierna, salió (llaga) hacia Ayacucho

Nonlocative oblique postpositions

  • pana ‘dat’
  • ke ‘ins’
  • wanai

Misc

  • chi ‘cop’ combines with yawë ‘loc’, sometimes spelled chi yawë, sometimes chawë.
  • postpositions on bare verbs? (e.g. wejtawë)
  • plural: kontomo
  1. chayi, muku tase ta makë pano ya
    chayi
    chayi
    son
    n
    muku
    muku
    child
    n
    tase
    ta-se
    say-PST
    vt
    ta
    ta
    like
    part
    makë
    makë
    mom
    n
    pano
    pano
    FMR
    part
    ya
    ya
    ERG
    postp
    "Sons, daughters" said my late mother. / hijos, hijas, dijo la finada mi mamá
  1. aniki narëpe yakërë ejnë përemekïrï, ejnë pëkëpene, wanene
    aniki
    aniki
    who
    pn
    narëpe
    narëpe
    PART
    part
    yakërë
    y-akërë
    LK-with
    postp
    ejnë
    ejnë
    1+2PRO
    pn
    përemekïrï
    përemekï-rï
    talk-IPFV
    vi
    ejnë
    ejnë
    1+2PRO
    pn
    pëkëpene
    pëkëpene
    alone
    postp
    wanene
    wanene
    aunt
    n
    Who are we gonna talk to? We’re alone, aunt. / con quién será que vamos a hablar nosotros, nosotras estamos solas (convrisamaj: 47)