Particles, ideophones and interjections

• Koehn and Koehn 1986: 111 on Apalaí: "Particles follow words of any class other than the ideophone, and never occur as free forms or in isolation."

Particles

Three kinds of particles elsewhere in the family:

1. second position (modals, focus)
2. phrasal (focus)

3. clause boundary

4. prosodic effects?

to do: see Hoff 1968 on second position particles ["sentence-level meanings"]

Ideophones

• a construction with nwa ‘thus’?

1. pïtïpëjsapë chipë ke, pïtï, pïtï, pïtï, warë

   pïtïpëjsapë

   pïtï-pëj-sapë

   paint-PLUR-PFV

   vt

   chipë

   chipë

   caranna

   n

   ke

   ke

   INS

   postp

   pïtï

   pïtï

   paint

   ideo

   pïtï

   pïtï

   paint

   ideo

   pïtï

   pïtï

   paint

   ideo

   warë

   wa=rë

   thus=EMP

   part=part

   Painted with caranna, painted all over. / pintado con caraña, pintado todo

1. ta-ta ta-ta, nwarë ejnë weseyu wëra rë, ejnë tapa ta

   tata

   ta-ta

   ***

   tata

   ta-ta

   ***

   nwarë

   nwa=rë

   thus=EMP

   part=part

   ejnë

   ejnë

   1+2PRO

   pn

   weseyu

   weseyu-∅

   be_angry-ACNNMLZ

   n

   wëra

   wëra

   like

   postp

   rë

   rë

   EMP

   part

   ejnë

   ejnë

   1+2PRO

   pn

   tapa

   tapa-∅

   beat-IPFV

   vt

   ta

   ta

   like

   part

   ta-ta-ta, like that he rubbed us as if he was angry with us. / ta-ta-ta, así nos sobaba como si estuviera bravo de nosotros

Interjections

• can occur in isolation