Negation
There are a number of negation strategies in Yawarana. The most general negator is the particle =jra ‘neg’, which can negate a number of constructions. It occurs encliticized to transitive and intransitive verbs , nouns , adverbs , and postpositions .
On verbs, it sometimes occurs with an overt allomorph of -ri ‘ipfv’ , sometimes its zero allomorph, shown in .
This variation is found in other contexts as well, but the conditioning factors of the deletion are currently unknown (see crossref#cldf:verbinfl)). However, in the case of jra ‘neg’, it may occur for a different reason entirely. Historically, a verb suffixed with *-rï and followed by a particle *pïra was a distinct construction from a verb with an adverbializing negative suffix *-pïra and followed by a copula (Gildea and Meira 2016, Cáceres 2016).
Verbal negation
-ja
-ja ‘neg’ is pluralized with the postverbal particle kontomo ‘pl’. It is the negative counterpart to -se ‘pst’. to do: hypothesis: if -se is perfective, -ja should be, too
-jnari
- very rare
- etymology unknown
- occurs on verbs
- never preceded by TAM (?)
- occurs with -po ‘des’
- likely cognate in Tamanaku
-jrama
Others
- -kempïnirë ‘ptcp.nzr.gno:neg’
- can this be analyzed as something other than a single suffix?
- ‑yapo ‘neg.purp’
Nominal negation
- =jra ‘neg’